(1) Isishwankathelo kunye neeNdlela zoPhuhliso zeShishini leGlobal Rail Transit Equipment
①Ngotshintsho lwetekhnoloji kushishino lwezothutho lukaloliwe lwehlabathi, imakethi yezixhobo zokuhamba zikaloliwe ibonise ukukhula olomeleleyo.
Kuluntu lwanamhlanje, ngophuhliso olukhawulezayo loqoqosho lwentlalo, iingxaki ezinjengokunqongophala kwezixhobo kunye nongcoliseko olukhulu zibalasele, ezikhokelela ekungoneleni kwabakhweli kunye nomthamo wokuthuthwa kwempahla, ukuxinana kwezithuthi ezindleleni, ukukhutshwa kunye nongcoliseko lwengxolo, kunye nokuba lula kunye nokhuseleko lwezithuthi zikawonkewonke. , eziye ziqwalaselwa ngakumbi.Ke ngoko, amazwe kwihlabathi liphela athathe uphuhliso lweendlela ezikhuselekileyo, ezisebenzayo, eziluhlaza, nezikrelekrele ezintsha zothutho lukaloliwe njengesikhokelo esikhokelayo sophuhliso lwezothutho lukawonke-wonke lwexesha elizayo, kwaye indlela yophuhliso iye yatshintsha ukusuka kwindlela yemveli ukuya kunxibelelwano, oluzinzileyo, kwaye uphuhliso lwezothutho ezininzi.Utshintsho olutsha lwetekhnoloji, olumelwe luthungelwano lolwazi, ukwenziwa kwezinto ngobukrelekrele, amandla amatsha, kunye nezixhobo ezitsha, liyavela kwihlabathi jikelele, kwaye indawo yezixhobo zothutho kaloliwe yehlabathi ivelisa umjikelo omtsha wenguqu ejikelezayo.Kwiminyaka yakutsha nje, ngokuyila kwetekhnoloji kushishino lwezothutho lukaloliwe lwehlabathi, imakethi yezixhobo zokuhamba zikaloliwe yehlabathi ibonise ukukhula olomeleleyo.Umthamo wemarike yehlabathi ngo-2010 wawuyi-131 yeebhiliyoni zee-euro, ufikelele kwi-162 yebhiliyoni ye-euro ngo-2014.
I-Global Rail Transit Equipment Equipment Ubungakanani beMarike ukusuka kwi-2010 ukuya kwi-2018 (i-100 yezigidi zee-euro)
②I-Oligopolies yenziwe kwimakethi yezixhobo zokuhamba zikaloliwe kwihlabathi, kunye neendawo zokupaka zase China zibekwe kuqala.
KuMboniso wezoThutho kaLoliwe waseBerlin owaziwayo kwihlabathi (Innotrans2016), inqanaba lika-2015 leenkampani zehlabathi zezixhobo zokuthutha oololiwe zazisekwe kwingeniso yeentengiso zeenqwelo-mafutha ezisandula ukwenziwa kunye neemoto ziinkampani zezixhobo zothutho lukaloliwe.I-CRRC ibekwe kwindawo yokuqala ngengeniso yokuthengisa edlula i-euro eyi-22 yeebhiliyoni, ngokungathandabuzekiyo ibekwe kwindawo yokuqala kushishino lwezixhobo zokuhamba zikaloliwe kwihlabathi, kwaye ingeniso yayo yokuthengisa ngo-2015 yayinkulu kuneyaseCanada Bombardier Ingeniso edityanisiweyo yentengiso ye-Alstom evela eFransi, kwindawo yesithathu, kunye ne-Siemens evela. IJamani, ibekwe kwindawo yesine, yi-14. I-oligopoly ekhokelwa yi-CRRC kwimakethi yezixhobo zokuthutha umzila wehlabathi yenziwe.Ngokwengxelo yonyaka ye-CRRC yowama-2016, iCRRC izuze ingeniso emalunga ne-229.7 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan ngowama-2016, apho izixhobo zikaloliwe, umzila kaloliwe wasezidolophini, kunye neziseko ezingundoqo zasezidolophini zifikelela kwi-134 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan, ezibalelwa kuma-58.35%;Ngo-2016, bekukho i-262.6 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan zee-odolo ezintsha (kubandakanywa malunga ne-8.1 yeebhiliyoni zeedola zaseMelika kwiikontrakthi zoshishino lwamazwe ngamazwe, ukunyuka konyaka-ngonyaka ngama-40%), kunye ne-188.1 yeebhiliyoni zee-odolo esandleni ekupheleni kwexesha.I-CRRC kulindeleke ukuba iqhubeke nokuqinisa isikhundla sayo njengeyona ndawo iphambili yehlabathi kwicandelo lezixhobo zokuhamba zikaloliwe zehlabathi.
(2) Isishwankathelo kunye neeNdlela zoPhuhliso zoShishino lweZixhobo zoThutho lukaLoliwe lwaseTshayina
①Ishishini lokwenziwa kwezixhobo zokuthutha uloliwe iye yaba yenye yeenzuzo eziphambili ezikhuphisanayo kwindawo yokuvelisa izixhobo zaseTshayina eziphezulu, kwaye ingamandla okuqhuba abalulekileyo kuphuhliso olukhawulezayo lwamashishini asakhasayo aseTshayina.
Emva kweminyaka engaphezu kwama-60 yophuhliso, ishishini lokuvelisa izixhobo zokuthutha kaloliwe yaseTshayina wenze uphando oluzimeleyo kunye nophuhliso, amaziko axhasayo apheleleyo, izixhobo eziphambili, kunye nokusebenza ngomlinganiselo omkhulu wenkqubo yokuvelisa izixhobo zokuthutha kaloliwe ezidibanisa uphando kunye nophuhliso, uyilo, ukuvelisa. , uvavanyo, kunye nenkonzo.Ibandakanya iilocomotives zombane, ii-locomotives ze-diesel, iiyunithi ezininzi, iimoto zabakhweli bakaloliwe, iimoto zothutho zikaloliwe, izithuthi zikaloliwe zasezidolophini, amacandelo aphambili eenqwelo-mafutha kunye neenqwelo, izixhobo zomqondiso, izixhobo zokuhambisa umbane kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, kunye nokuqhubela phambili kwesantya esiphezulu, iindlela zobuchwepheshe ezinzima, ezifanelekileyo, kunye nokusingqongileyo, iiyunithi ezininzi ezinesantya esiphezulu kunye nezitimela ezinamandla amakhulu ziye zazuza impumelelo ephawulekayo kwiinkqubo ze-10 zokuvelisa zobuchwephesha ezifana noomatshini bobunjineli bokulandelela kunye nezixhobo.Ishishini lokwenziwa kwezixhobo zothutho lukaloliwe laseTshayina ngummeli oqhelekileyo wenguqu eqhutywayo, inguqu ekrelekrele, isiseko esomeleziweyo, kunye nophuhliso lohlaza.Lelinye lamashishini anelona nqanaba liphezulu lezinto ezintsha ezizimeleyo, olona khuphiswano lunamandla kwihlabathi liphela, kunye nesiphumo esicacileyo sokuqhuba kwishishini kwindawo yokwenziwa kwezixhobo eziphezulu zaseTshayina.Ibe yeyona nto iphambili yokhuphiswano lwecandelo laseTshayina lokwenziwa kwezixhobo eziphezulu kwimakethi yezixhobo zothutho lukaloliwe lwehlabathi, Yinto ebalulekileyo yokuqhubela phambili uphuhliso olukhawulezayo lwamashishini asakhasayo eTshayina.
②Iziphumo ezimbini zenkxaso yomgaqo-nkqubo kunye neemfuno zentengiso zikhuthaza uphuhliso olukhawulezayo lweshishini lezixhobo zokuthutha zikaloliwe eTshayina, elinendawo enkulu yentengiso.
Izixhobo zothutho lukaloliwe ngummeli obalulekileyo wezixhobo zaseTshayina eziphezulu ezihamba kwihlabathi jikelele.I "Yenziwe e-China 2025" ekhutshwe liBhunga likaRhulumente ngo-2015 iphakamisa ngokucacileyo ukuphumeza iiprojekthi ezinkulu ezintlanu, kuquka ukwakhiwa kweziko lesizwe lokuvelisa innovation, ukuveliswa okukrelekrele, ukomeleza isiseko semizi-mveliso, ukuveliswa kohlaza, kunye nokuveliswa kwezixhobo eziphezulu, ngokusebenzisa isikhokelo sikarhulumente kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwezixhobo, ukuphumeza impumelelo engundoqo efanayo yetekhnoloji ethintela uphuhliso lweshishini lemveliso kunye nokwandisa ukhuphiswano lulonke lweshishini lemveliso laseTshayina.I-"Yenziwe e-China 2025 i-Key Fields Technology Roadmap" (ebizwa ngokuba yi-"Technology Roadmap") ibeka iimfuno ezijoliswe kuyo kwizixhobo zokuhamba ngomzila.Ngo-2020, uphando kunye nophuhliso lwamandla kunye neemveliso eziphambili zezixhobo zokuhamba zikaloliwe ziya kufikelela kumanqanaba aphezulu ehlabathi, kunye nemveliso yentengiso yeshishini engaphezulu kwe-650 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan, ishishini laphesheya lithatha ngaphezulu kwe-30%, kwaye ishishini lenkonzo libalelwa ngaphezulu kwe-15%.Iimveliso eziphambili ziya kungena kwiimarike zamazwe aphuhlileyo eYurophu naseMelika;Ngowama-2025, ishishini lokwenziwa kwezixhobo zothutho lukaloliwe laseTshayina liya kube sele lenze inkqubo entsha ebanzi nezinzileyo, ephumeza imifuziselo yokuvelisa ekrelekrele kwimimandla emikhulu.Iimveliso zayo eziphambili ziya kufikelela kumanqanaba aphambili aphesheya, kunye neshishini laphesheya libalelwa kwi-40% kunye neshishini lenkonzo elibalelwa ngaphezulu kwe-20%.Iza kukhokela uhlaziyo lwemigangatho yezizwe ngezizwe, iseke inkqubo yeshishini lezixhobo zokuhamba zikaloliwe ehamba phambili kwihlabathi, kwaye ithathe indawo ephezulu yekhonkco leshishini lehlabathi.Ikhokelwa yimigaqo-nkqubo yesizwe encomekayo kwaye iqhutywa yimfuno emandla yemarike, ishishini lokwenziwa kwezixhobo zothutho lukaloliwe laseTshayina lingena kwixesha lokukhula ngokukhawuleza.Ngowama-2020, imfuno yemarike yexabiso lemveliso yemveliso yesixhobo sothutho lukaloliwe elingaphezu kwe-650 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan libonelela ngamathemba abanzi ophuhliso oluzinzileyo nolukhawulezayo lweshishini lezixhobo zokuthutha oololiwe.Ngo-2020, ingeniso yentengiso yesitokhwe esiqengqelekayo sikaloliwe saseTshayina kunye neshishini lemveliso yeeyunithi ezininzi igqithile kwi-350 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan, kwaye imfuno yentengiso yesixokelelwano sezixhobo zothutho lukaloliwe iqikelelwa ukuba imalunga neetriliyoni zeeyuan.
Uqikelelo lweNtengiso yoMgangatho weNtengiso kaLoliwe waseTshayina kunye neMultiple Unit Manufacturing Industry ukusuka ngo-2015 ukuya ku-2020 (100 million yuan)
③Njengomshishini obalulekileyo wentsika kwinkalo yezixhobo zokuhamba zikaloliwe e-China, iiyunithi ezininzi zesantya sikaloliwe ohamba ngesantya esiphezulu kunye neshishini lezixhobo zokuhamba zikaloliwe ezidolophini ziya kukhapha ukuphunyezwa kweQhinga leQhinga leBhanti kunye neNdlela, liqhube ngokupheleleyo uphuhliso olulungelelanisiweyo lwalo lonke ikhonkco loshishino, kunye nokwandisa impembelelo yehlabathi.Njengoko sonke sisazi, uloliwe ohamba ngesantya esiphezulu uye waba lelinye lamakhadi ozakuzo eTshayina kunye nenkokeli ebalulekileyo yezixhobo zokuhamba ngololiwe kwishishini lokwenziwa kwezixhobo zaseTshayina.Njengoko urhulumente waseTshayina ekhuthaza ngamandla ukuphunyezwa kweQhinga leBhanti kunye neNdlela, lo mmandla usasaza kumazwe akuMbindi kunye noMzantsi Asia, uMzantsi Asia, uMbindi weAsia, kunye neNtshona ye-Asia, kwaye unabela kwiMpuma Yurophu kunye noMntla Afrika, zonke eziye zaphuphuma. iimfuno ezingxamisekileyo zolwakhiwo lweziseko ezingundoqo kunye noqhagamshelwano.Kuqikelelwa ukuba inani labemi bebonke ecaleni kweBelt and Road limalunga ne-4.4 yeebhiliyoni, libalelwa kuma-63% abantu behlabathi bebonke, kwaye umthamo wayo uwonke woqoqosho umalunga nama-21 eetriliyoni zeedola zaseMelika, ezibalelwa kuma-29% omthamo woqoqosho lulonke lwehlabathi. .Njengeqhinga lesizwe laseTshayina, i-Belt kunye neNdlela inokubaluleka kweqhinga elifikelela kude kugqithiso lwamandla e-China, ukuphuculwa kwecandelo lezoshishino lamazwe ngamazwe lezabasebenzi, kunye nokuseka ilizwi le-China kwihlabathi.Njengomshishini obalulekileyo wentsika kwindawo yezixhobo zokuhamba zikaloliwe e-China, iiyunithi ezininzi zikaloliwe ezihamba ngesantya esiphezulu kunye nezixhobo zokuhamba zikaloliwe zasedolophini ziya kuba nguvulindlela we-Belt and Road Initiative kunye neempawu zayo ezizodwa zokukhuselwa kokusingqongileyo okuluhlaza kunye nokuthutha umthamo omkhulu. , ukuqhuba uphuhliso olulungelelanisiweyo lwalo lonke ikhonkco lemizi-mveliso yentsimbi enyukayo, iintsimbi ezingezizo, ulwakhiwo lweziseko ezingundoqo zikaloliwe, ulwakhiwo lwezixhobo ezixhasayo, kunye nezixhobo ezinxulumeneyo zezixhobo zemoto ezisembindini kunye nezisezantsi, ukusebenza edolophini, ulungiselelo, ukuthuthwa kwabakhweli kunye nempahla, Ukuphucula impembelelo yehlabathi Ishishini lokuvelisa izixhobo zothutho lwaseTshayina.
Ixesha lokuposa: Aug-24-2023